Cancer

 

 

                                      Cancer

 

Cancer is caused by abnormal cells that grow quickly. It is normal for your body to replace old cells with new ones, but cancer cells grow too fast. 

 

Some cancer cells may form growths called tumors. All tumors increase in size, but some tumors grow quickly, others slowly. 

 

 

 

 

Types of Tumors

 

• Sometimes tumors are not cancerous. These are called

benign tumors. They are made up of cells much like those of healthy tissue. This kind of tumor stays in one area and does not spread to healthy tissues and organs. 

 

• Cancer tumors are also called malignant tumors. Cancer from these tumors spread through the blood and lymph systems to other parts of the body.   

 

When cancer spreads, it is called metastasis. Cancer cells travel through the body from the tumor, called the primary site, to other parts of the body. 

 

 

Types of Cancer 

 

There are many kinds of cancers. 

 

• Carcinoma is the most common type of cancer. Lung, colon, breast and ovarian cancers are often this type of cancer. 

 

• Sarcoma is found in bone, cartilage, fat and muscle. 

 

• Lymphoma begins in the lymph nodes of the body’s immune system.They include Hodgkin’s and Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas. 

 

• Leukemia starts in the blood cells that grow in the bone marrow and are found in large numbers in the bloodstream. 

 

 

Signs of Cancer 

 

Signs of cancer depend on the type and location of the tumor. With some cancers, there may not be any signs until the tumor is large. Common signs include: 

 

• Feeling very tired

 

• Weight loss that occurs without knowing why 

 

• Fever, chills or night sweats 

 

• Lack of hunger 

 

• Physical discomfort or pain 

 

• Coughing, shortness of breath or chest pain 

 

• Diarrhea, constipation or blood in the stool 

 

When cancer is found, tests will be done to see if the cancer has spread to other parts of your body. Scans, x-rays and blood tests may be needed.

 

Your care

 

Your doctor will decide what care is needed based on: 

 

• The type of cancer 

 

• How fast the cancer is growing 

 

• Whether the cancer has spread to other parts of your body 

 

• Your age and overall health 

 

 The most common cancer treatments are: 

 

• Surgery to remove the tumor and nearby tissue 

 

•Radiation in controlled amounts to shrink or destroy the tumor and cancer cells 

 

• Chemotherapy medicine to slow the growth or destroy cancer cells

 

• Other medicines to treat side effects and help you heal better 

 

 

Prevention 

 

You can reduce your risk of cancer by: 

 

• Not smoking or using tobacco. 

 

• Using sunscreen, hats and clothing to protect your skin when outside. 

 

• Limiting the amount of alcohol you drink. 

 

• Limiting the amount of high fat foods you eat, especially from animal sources. 

 

• Eating plenty of fruits, vegetables and high fiber foods. 

 

• Being physically active. 

 

• Seeing your doctor each year. Cancer screenings may help find cancers at their early, most treatable stages.

 

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Wisdom Teeth

                       Wisdom Teeth

Removal of Wisdom Teeth 

Wisdom teeth are the last teeth to erupt and often there is not enough room for them to come through completely at the back of the mouth. This means that they may become trapped (impacted) at the back of the mouth or remain partially covered by gum. Saliva and food particles which are normally present in your mouth can get caught around the teeth or under the gum. This can mean that they become a source of infection. 

DO I NEED TREATMENT? 

We have strict guidelines for this operation but you are likely to need treatment if: 

• you have had repeated infections in the gum around the wisdom tooth 

• your wisdom tooth is decayed or has caused decay or

damage to the tooth in front 

• there is a cyst associated with the wisdom tooth. These

are uncommon and are caused when a cavity forms in

the bone around the wisdom tooth. The cavity fills with fluid

and can enlarge or cause infection if not treated. 

• Sometimes wisdom teeth need to be removed to make other types of jaw surgery easier. Your surgeon will discuss this with you if this is the case. 

Feeling to the tongue and helps with taste. Up to

one in 10 people can have some tingling or numbness in these

areas which can last several weeks. Less that one in a hundred people will have problems that last more that a year. The risks may be higher if your tooth is in a difficult

position. The surgeon will tell you if you are considered to

be categorised as increased risk. 

• A small amount of bleeding is normal on the day of

extraction. 

• The blood clot which forms in the tooth socket dissolves in

the saliva which can make the saliva look pink. 

• If any active bleeding occurs, roll up a small piece of gauze

or a handkerchief into a small sausage shape. Place this

at the back of the mouth over the wisdom tooth socket and bite firmly for 20 minutes. This should stop any active

bleeding. If it does not, contact the department. 

• Dry socket: an infection that can occur about 3 days

after surgery. This is unpleasant but not dangerous, the

risk is worse in those who smoke and women on the "pill". 

WHAT DOES TREATMENT INVOLVE? 

If the wisdom tooth is not fully erupted into the mouth, it is often necessary to make a small cut in the gum over the tooth. Sometimes is also necessary to remove some of the thin bone around the tooth or, rarely, the tooth may need to

be cut into 2 or 3 pieces to remove it. This is done using a dental drill similar to that used by your dentist for fillings. Once the wisdom tooth has been removed, the gum is put back in place using some fine stitches. In the majority of cases these stitches are dissolvable and disappear between a few days and two weeks. 

WHAT TYPE OF ANAESTHETIC IS USED? 

A number if options are available depending on how difficult the wisdom tooth is to remove and your surgeon will discuss this with you.  

Local anaesthetic - Many wisdom teeth are removed this way which involves an injection in the mouth and around

the wisdom tooth. This is rather similar to that you may have had at your dentist for a filling. The injection takes a couple of minutes to numb the area after which you will feel no pain while the wisdom tooth is removed. 

Local anaesthetic and sedation - In addition to a local

anaesthetic, an injection is administered into the arm. This makes you feel more relaxed and less aware of the procedure. Your surgeon will give you further information on sedation if it is felt this is an appropriate option. 

General anaesthetic - Some wisdom teeth are removed under general anaesthetic and this is usually ‘day case’,

meaning that

you can go home on the same day as the procedure

HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE TO REMOVE A WISDOM TOOTH? 

This is variable. Some wisdom teeth take only a few minutes to remove. For more difficult wisdom teeth extraction

may take around 20 minutes.

  

WHAT SHOULD I EXPECT AFTERWARDS? 

Some discomfort and swelling is normal after removal of a wisdom tooth. The gum around the tooth will be tender and there may well be some swelling in the cheek at the back of the lower jaw. This is usually worse for the first 3 days but it may take up to 2 weeks before all the soreness goes.You may also find that your jaw is stiff so you may need to eat a soft diet for a week or so. There may be some bruising of the skin. of your face that can take up to a fortnight to fade away. Your surgeon will advise you on painkillers or prescribe these if necessary. Sometimes a short course of antibioticsis necessary.

WHAT ELSE SHOULD I DO AFTER THE EXTRACTIONS? 

• Take regular painkillers at least for a few days 

• Avoid rinsing on the day of surgery as this can cause bleeding by dissolving the blood clot which forms in the tooth socket. 

• Rinsing should be started the day after surgery and carry on for a period of 2 weeks. Dissolve a teaspoon of salt in some luke warm water and gently rinse around the mouth for a couple of minutes. Do this first thing in the morning, last thing at night and after meals. Keep this up for 2 weeks as it will keep the sockets clean whilst theyheal over.

• Brush the other teeth as normal; it may be difficult to clean the teeth near the site of the extraction for a couple of days. The salt mouth rinses will help keep these areas

clean. 

• Keep to a soft diet, i.e. foods that require little or no chewing (soup, ice cream, bananas, mashed potato).

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Toothache

                      Toothache

 

A toothache is pain felt in or around a tooth caused by tooth decay,infection, earache, sinus infection or injury to the jaw joint.

 

Signs of a Toothache

 

• Pain with chewing

 

• Bleeding or foul tasting discharge

 

• Swelling of the gums or jaw

 

• Redness of the gums or jaw

 

• Hot or cold pain with food or drinks

 

 

 

 

Your Care

Make an appointment with a dentist if you have:

 

• A toothache longer than 1 or 2 days

 

• A fever, earache or pain when opening your mouth

 

Ask your dentist about an over the counter pain medicine

to take to ease your pain while you wait for your appointment.

Do not take aspirin or products with aspirin. Avoid eating very

hot or cold foods. It may help to bite down on a cotton ball

soaked in oil of cloves. This can be purchased at most

pharmacies. The dentist will examine your mouth and

do x-rays. The dentist will then repair or remove the tooth.

Pain medicine or antibiotics may be prescribed. Take your

medicines as ordered.

 

 

How to Prevent Toothaches

 

Most dental problems such as a toothache can be prevented

with good mouth care.

 

• Brush your teeth with fluoride toothpaste, floss and use

mouthwash each day. 

 

• See a dentist to have your teeth checked every six months

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